Mitigation of CO₂ emissions from international shipping through national allocation

Abstract Neither international treaties nor domestic policies control carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from shipping. To enhance mitigation, a new multilateral mechanism could allocate these to national budgets, where different options be used based on the location of industry actors and ships. We analyze five allocation options, showing that clear majority CO would distributed ten countries under each option; however, top vary across amount allotted individual increase their budgets thousand-fold or more. further examine how objectives, principles for decision-making, geographical coverage United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC) International Maritime Organization influence design implementation an two bodies. find best meets criteria related effectiveness equity one in which are assigned ship owners, operates UNFCCC.